ãã®èšäºã§ã¯å°äœãšçµ¶çžäœã«ã€ããŠ
- å°äœãšçµ¶çžäœã®éã
ãªã©ãå³ãçšããŠåããããã説æããŠããŸãã
ãå°äœããšã絶çžäœãã®éã
åŸã»ã©è©³ãã説æããŸãããæåã«å°äœãšçµ¶çžäœã®éãã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããŸãã
å°äœãšçµ¶çžäœã®éãã¯äžèšã®ããã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã
- å°äœ
- 絶çžäœ
é»æ°ãéããããç©è³ªã§ããéãé ãã¢ã«ãããŠã ãªã©ãå°äœãšãªããŸãã
é»æ°ãéãã«ããç©è³ªã§ããã¬ã©ã¹ããŽã ãªã©ã絶çžäœãšãªããŸãã
äžèšã®ããã«ãé»æ°ãéããããã«ãããå°äœãšçµ¶çžäœãåé¡ãããŠããŸããé»æ°ã®éããããã¯èªç±é»åã®æ°ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªããŸããèªç±é»åãå€ãã»ã©é»æ°ãéãããããèªç±é»åãå°ãªãã»ã©é»æ°ãéãã«ãããªããŸãã
ã§ã¯ããããå°äœãšçµ¶çžäœã«ã€ããŠè©³ãã説æããŠãããŸãïŒ
å°äœ
å°äœã¯ãèªç±é»åãå€ããé»æ°ãéããããç©è³ªã§ãã
å°ã詳ãã説æããŸããããããã¯å°ããã¯ããªäžçã®è©±ã«ãªããŸãã
ç©è³ªã现ããèŠããšãååã§æ§æãããŠããŸããååã¯ååæ žãšé»åããã§ããŠããŸãã
å°äœã¯ååæ žãšé»åã®çµåã匱ããããé»åãååããé¢ããŠããŸãããšããããŸãã
ååããé¢ããé»åã¯èªç±ã«åãåããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸãããã®é»åã¯ãèªç±é»åããšåŒã°ããŠããŸããèªç±é»åã¯ãã€ãã¹ã®é»è·ãæã£ãŠããŸããèªç±é»åãæããååã¯ãã©ã¹ã®é»è·ãæã£ãéœã€ãªã³ãšãªããŸãã
ãã®èªç±é»åãé»æ°ãéããŠããã®ã§ãã
éå±ãªã©ã®å°äœã¯ãååãèŠåæ£ããé åãããŠãããèªç±é»åãå€ãããç©è³ªãšãªã£ãŠããŸãã
ã§ã¯ããã§ãå°äœã«é»å§ãå°å ããæã«ã©ããªãã®ããèããŠã¿ãŸãããã
å°äœã«é»å§ãå°å ããæ
äžå³ã«ç€ºãããã«ãå°äœã®å·ŠåŽã«ãã©ã¹ãå³åŽã«ãã€ãã¹ã®é»å§ãå°å ããŠããŸãããã€ãã¹ã§ããèªç±é»åã¯ãç£ç³ã®S極ãšN極ãåŒãä»ãããããã«ããã©ã¹ã®æ¹ã«åŒãä»ããããŸãããã®èªç±é»åã®æµããé»æ°ã®æµããšãªã£ãŠããŸãããªããèªç±é»åãšé»æµã®åãã¯éã®ãããé»æµã¯å³æ¹åã«æµããŸãã
å°äœã®ç©è³ªäŸ
å°äœã«ã¯ãéãéãé ãéãã¢ã«ãããŠã ãªã©ã®éå±ãããé»è§£æ¶²(ã€ãªã³æº¶æ¶²)ãããé»é(ççŽ )ããªã©ããããŸãããŸãããæ°Žéæ°Žããã人äœããå°äœã«åé¡ã§ããŸãã
å°äœã®çšé
å°äœã¯é»æ°æµæãå°ãã(äŒå°çãé«ã)ã»ã©ãé»æ°ãéããããç©è³ªãšãªããŸãã
é ã¯ãäŒå°çãé«ããå å·¥ã容æã§ã³ã¹ããå®ããšããç¹åŸŽããããŸãããã®ããã倧é»æµãæµãé»åã±ãŒãã«ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯é ãçšããããŠããŸããäŸãã°ã家åºã®å±å é ç·ããã¬ãçã®å®¶é»è£œåã®å éšé ç·ãé»æºã³ãŒããªã©ã®ã±ãŒãã«ãããªã³ãåºæ¿ã®å°é»éšåã«ã¯é ãçšããããŠããŸãã
ã¢ã«ãããŠã ã¯ãé ãããäŒå°çãäœãããã倧é»æµãæµãããšã¯ã§ããªãããé ããã軜éãªã®ã§ãé·è·é¢ãæ·èšããéé»ç·ã«çšããããŠããŸããéé»ç·ã¯æ°çŸã¡ãŒãã«ã®éå¡éãæ·èšãããããå°äœãšããŠã®æ§èœã®ã»ãã軜éã§åŒ·åºŠãé«ãããšãéèŠèŠãããŸãã
éã¯é ãããäŒå°çãäœããã³ã¹ããé«ããªã£ãŠããŸããããããéã¯é žåããããããéç®ã®ããã«èãããããšãã§ãããšããç¹åŸŽããããããåå°äœã®ããããšåºæ¿ãæ¥ç¶ãããã³ãã£ã³ã°ã¯ã€ã€ã«çšããããããšããããŸãã
éã¯ãé ãã¢ã«ãããŠã ãããäŒå°çãããªãé«ããšããç¹åŸŽããããŸãããã³ã¹ããé«ããããã±ãŒãã«ã®ææãšããŠã¯çšããããŸããã
éã¯é ãã¢ã«ãããŠã ãããäŒå°çãäœããããã±ãŒãã«ã®ææãšããŠã¯çšããããŸããã
è£è¶³
- å°äœã¯è±èªã§ã¯ãConductorããšæžããŸãã
- å°äœã¯å°é»äœãé»æ°äŒå°äœãšãåŒã°ããŠããŸãã
- èªç±é»åã¯é»æ°äŒå°ãæ ããšããæå³ã§ ãäŒå°é»å(Conduction Electron)ããšãåŒã°ããããšããããŸãïŒ
絶çžäœ
絶çžäœã¯ãèªç±é»åãå°ãªããé»æ°ãéãã«ããç©è³ªã§ãã
å°ã詳ãã説æããŸãã
絶çžäœã¯å°äœãšç°ãªããååæ žãšé»åã®çµåã匷ããããé»åãååæ žããé¢ããŠããããšã¯ãããŸãããã€ãŸããèªç±é»åããªããšããããšã§ãããã®ãããé»åãåãããšãã§ããã®ã¯ãååæ žã®åšãã®ã¿ãšãªããŸãã
ã§ã¯ããã§ã絶çžäœã«é»å§ãå°å ããæã«ã©ããªãã®ããèããŠã¿ãŸãããã
絶çžäœã«é»å§ãå°å ããæ
äžå³ã«ç€ºãããã«ã絶çžäœã®å·ŠåŽã«ãã©ã¹ãå³åŽã«ãã€ãã¹ã®é»å§ãå°å ããŠããŸãããã€ãã¹ã§ããé»åã¯ãã©ã¹ã®æ¹ã«åŒãä»ããããŸããã絶çžäœã®é»åã¯èªç±ã«ç§»åã§ãããååæ žããé¢ããŠããããšãã§ããªããããäžå³ã«ç€ºãããã«ãé»åãšååæ žããããã«äžŠã¶ã ãã§ãã
ãã®ããã«ãé»åãèªç±ã«åããªãããã絶çžäœã§ã¯é»æ°ãæµããŸããã
絶çžäœã®ç©è³ªäŸ
絶åäœã«ã¯ãããŽã ãããã¬ã©ã¹ããããã©ã¹ããã¯ãããã»ã©ããã¯ãããç£åšãããçµ¹ãããæšç¶¿ããã絶çžæ²¹ãããåææš¹èãããæšããªã©ããããŸãã
絶çžäœã®çšé
é»æºã³ãŒãã«ã¯ãŽã 補ãæš¹è補ã®çµ¶çžäœã被èããŠããŸãããã®ããã«çµ¶çžäœã§ä¿è·ããããšã«ãã£ãŠãå°äœéšåã®é²åºãç¡ãããæé»äºæ ãçºçããªãããã«ããŠããŸãããŸããå€å§åšã§ã¯çµ¶çžæ²¹ã§ç絡ãé²ãã§ããŸãã
è£è¶³
- 絶çžäœã¯è±èªã§ã¯ãInsulatorããšæžããŸãã
- 絶çžäœã¯å°äœã«å¯ŸããŠãäžå°äœãäžè¯å°äœãšãåŒã°ããŠããŸãã
æ°Žã¯ãå°äœããã絶çžäœããïŒ
æ°Žã¯äžè¬çã«é»æ°ãéãå°äœãšããŠåé¡ãããŠããŸãã
ããããäžçŽç©ãå«ãŸãªãçŽæ°ŽãšåŒã°ãããã®ã¯çµ¶çžäœãšãªããŸãã
ãŸããåå°äœãªã©ã®é»åéšåã液æ¶ããã«ã«äœ¿ãã¬ã©ã¹ãªã©ã®è£œé éçšã«ãããŠã¯ãå°ãã§ãäžçŽç©ãæ®ã£ãŠãããšã補åã®å質ã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ããããŸãããã®ãããçŽæ°Žãããã«é«ããè¶ çŽæ°Žãšãããã®ã䜿ãããŠããŸããã
空æ°ã¯ãå°äœããã絶çžäœããïŒ
空æ°ã¯é»æ°ãéããªã絶çžäœã«åé¡ãããŠããŸãã
ãã®ãããæãç°¡åãªçµ¶çžæ¹æ³ã¯ããå°äœå士ãé¢ããŠç©ºæ°ã§çµ¶çžããæ¹æ³ãã«ãªããŸãã
ãªããé»æ°ãéããªã空æ°çã®çµ¶çžäœã§ãéåžžã«é«ãé»å§ãå ãããšã絶çžãç Žå£ããã絶çžæ§èœã倱ããé»æ°ãæµããŠããŸããŸãã
äŸãã°ãé·ã¯ç©ºæ°äžã«é«ãé»å§ãå ããããšã§ã空æ°ã®çµ¶çžãç Žå£ãããé²ãšå°è¡šãšã®éã§é»æ°ãæµããŠããã®ã§ãã
åæ§ã«ãéé»æ°ã¯ç©ºæ°äžã«é«ãé»å§ãå ããããšã§ã空æ°ã®çµ¶çžãç Žå£ããã人äœãç©äœãšã®éã§é»æ°ãæµããŠããŸãã
ã絶çžäœããšãèªé»äœãã®éã
絶çžäœãšèªé»äœã¯å šãåããã®ã§ãã
絶çžæ§ã«çç®ããŠãã®æ©èœãå©çšããããšãããšã絶çžäœãšåŒã³ãèªé»æ§ã«çç®ããŠãã®æ©èœãå©çšããããšãããšãã¯èªé»äœãšåŒãã§ããŸãã
è£è¶³
- èªé»äœã¯è±èªã§ã¯ãDielectricããšæžããŸãã
ãå°äœããšã絶çžäœãã®éé»æ°
å°äœã¯é»æ°ãéããããåäžã«åž¯é»ããç¹åŸŽããããŸãããã®ããããã©ã¹åž¯é»ããã€ãã¹åž¯é»ã®ã©ã¡ããã®åž¯é»ãšãªããŸãã
ãã®å°äœã¯ãæ¥å°ãã(ã¢ãŒã¹ããšã)ããšã«ãã£ãŠãéé»æ°ãã¢ãŒã¹ã«éããããšãã§ããŸãã
äžæ¹ã絶çžäœã¯é»æ°ãéããªããããåäžã«åž¯é»ããŸããããã®ãããå Žæã«ãã£ãŠåž¯é»å ·åãå€ãããŸãããŸããåããã®ã§ããã©ã¹åž¯é»ãšãã€ãã¹åž¯é»ãæ··åšããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
絶çžäœã¯é»æ°ãéããªãã®ã§ãæ¥å°ããŠãéé»æ°ãéããããšã¯ã§ããŸãããã€ãªãã€ã¶ã®èšçœ®çãè¡ãå¿ èŠããããŸãã
ãŸãšã
ãã®èšäºã§ã¯å°äœãšçµ¶çžäœã«ã€ããŠã以äžã®å
容ã説æããŸããã
åœèšäºã®ãŸãšã
- ãå°äœããšã絶çžäœãã®éã
- å°äœã®ç¹åŸŽã»ç©è³ªäŸã»çšé
- å°äœã«é»å§ãå°å ããæã®æå
- 絶çžäœã®ç¹åŸŽã»ç©è³ªäŸã»çšé
- 絶çžäœã«é»å§ãå°å ããæã®æå
- æ°Žã¯ãå°äœããã絶çžäœããïŒ
- 空æ°ã¯ãå°äœããã絶çžäœããïŒ
- ã絶çžäœããšãèªé»äœãã®éã
- ã絶çžäœããšãèªé»äœãã®éé»æ°
ãèªã¿é ãããããšãããããŸããã
åœãµã€ãã§ã¯é»æ°ã«é¢ããæ§ã
ãªæ
å ±ãèšèŒããŠããŸããåœãµã€ãã®å
šèšäºäžèŠ§ã«ã¯ä»¥äžã®ãã¿ã³ãã移åããããšãã§ããŸãã